aggression

Aggressive according to Baron (in Koeswara, 1998) is the behavior of individuals with the aim to hurt or harm another individual. Myers (in Adriani, 1985) said that aggressive behavior is physical or verbal behavior to injure others.

Causes of Autism

Autism is a complex developmental disorder in children. Symptoms that appear are in the field of developmental disorders: a two-way interaction development, the development of reciprocal interaction, and behavioral development.

definitions of autism

Autism comes from the word "auto" that means itself. Persons with Autism as if living in his own world. Autism is new term introduced since 1943 by Leo Kanner, although this disorder has existed since centuries ago.

Self Efficacy

heyy readers... did u know about self efficacy? read this and you'll know about self efficacy..

Why are self efficacy perceptions so important? it is because self efficacy perceptions influences a number of different types of behavior that, in turn, are necessary for human achievement. 

Social cognitive theory

Social cognitive theory states that social factors and cognitive and behavioral, play an important role in learning. Cognitive factors include expectations of students to succeed, social factors also include observations of the behavior of students towards the achievement of their parents. Social cognitive theory is the most important reference of the application class (Choi, 2005; Petosa, et al, 2005)

aptitude / talent / giftedness

Definition of aptitude:

Basic skills (specifically) that are innate and potential so requires education and training in order to materialize into an optimal performance / achievement

Anxiety disorder

Anxiety, panic, fear is a common psychological symptoms and can be felt by every people. Anxiety reaction is common in adults, but children can also suffer anxiety, such as temporarily abandoned by parents, first day of school or at the time wanted to take an exam. In the case of the elderly, anxiety reactions often occur when they are under pressure (stress) in the presence of difficulties that can be faced or that can not be facing such as work pressure, pressure at school / college, as well as pressure on the issue of romance.

paranoid

Personality disorder is a pattern of behavior with other people in a rigid and hinder them to adjust to the demands from the outside so it is self defeating.

social interaction

In human life or individual is always going reciprocal relationship. In a society always be interaction of a system according to certain customs which are continuous. Some types of social processes in social life is the identification of interactions that are continuous.

prejudice and discrimination

According to Baron and Byrne (2004: 215), prejudice is an attitude (negative) toward members of a specific social group based on their membership in the group. David O. Sears, social prejudice is the assessment toward group or an individual who is primarily based on group membership, meaning that social prejudice directed at people or groups of people who different with them or their group.

interest tests

1. SVIB : Strong Vocational Interest Blank
2. Kuder Test:

• KOIS : Kuder Occupational Interest Survey
• KPR-V : Kuder Preference Record- Vocational
• KGIS : Kuder General Interest Survey

personality, attitudes, job satisfaction

PERSONALITY is how people judge other people and how they understand and see themselves.
Big 5 personality related to job performance :

1. Extraversion (sociable, talkative, assertive)
2. Agrreableness (good-natured, cooperative, trusting)
3. conscientiousness (responsible, dependable, persistent, achievement oriented)
4. Emotional Stability
5. Opennes to experience (imaginative, artistically, sensitive, intelectual)

perception (industrial and organizational psychology)

why need to learn perception?
Because perception is a cognitive process that causes a person to capture or view situations around the person and interpreting it in a way unique and different.

biopsychology

1. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY about the biology which relates to psychiatric diversion & treatment of deviations
through manipulation brain
2. DEVELOPMENT NEUROBIOLOGY about system change
nerve in coordination with maturity age = neuroscience

Preschoolers: GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS AND METHOD LEARNING

OPINION OF THE EXPERTS
*Pestalozzi*
- Each stage of individual development must be completed before moving to the next stage
- The process of learning through observation and sensory perception
- Develop system of basic education as a combination of physical growth, mental and moral development through observation and reflection

The School's Role in Building Character among Students

The School's Role in Building Character among Students
Author: Paul D. Houston
Source: American Association of School Administrators

Every educator is familiar with the African proverb that “it takes a village to raise a child.” It is a
nice but inadequate sentiment for modern America.
I have visited African villages and seen their focus on children. In Kenya, the Masai greet each
other with the question, “How are the children?” America would be better off if we could say
that to each other with meaning. But we don’t and we can’t rely on the village to raise our
children because we no longer have even a sense of village.

intelligence

* According to Stern, intelligence is the capacity to adjust to new circumstances by using the tools to think according to its purpose.

* According to Thorndike, intelligence has the understanding as the ability of individuals who can in dmonstrasikan or shown to make a good response.

memory

Memory refers to the process of storing or maintaining information over time.

Almost every human activity always involves aspects of memory. Therefore, the memory becomes important in human cognitive processes.

Kind  of memory:

• Short term memory
• Long term memory
• Declarative memory
• Prosedural memory

<!--more-->

Short term memory model and long term memory:

This model was introduced by Atkinson & Shiffrin, known as the Information Processing model

information received, processed through the recording of the senses to the STM, and then forwarded to the memory of a more permanent LTM.
Transfer of information from the five senses to the STM, is controlled by the attention, after controlling information will perform the functions of memory, here who plays Rehearsal or repetition.


The function of Rehearsal:

1. Keeping or maintaining appropriate information from short term memory
2. Moving information from short term memory into long memory  

Episodic memory model and semantic

This model was purposed by Endel Tulving, who distinguishes between episodic memory and semantic memory.

Episodic memory stores information about the events and relationship of each incident. This memory associated with things that are temporary and event changes.

Examples of episodic memory: example sentence is a personal experience, and every experience to be remembered in relation to other experiences.

Semantic memory is organized knowledge about everything in life.

Compotion of semantic memory contains knowledge that is more constans or almost no change at any time. Example of semantic memory: I know that salt taste salty. I know the meaning of the constraints are constraints.

Short term memory (STM)

 Regarded as a center of human consciousness. Allegedly in STM have thoughts, information, experience in the minds of people all the time.

The function of Short term memory:

•  Temporary storage: select the data to be maintained while in storage.
• Comprehensive setting: continue to experience long term memory to more permanent storage and release of data from various memory systems.

Power Save short term memory

From various studies show that the capacity to remember someone as much as 7 chunk/group.

According to George Miller, the human ability to remember the number to 7, The magical number seven plus minus 2, so the ability to remember between 5 and 9.

The most easy to remember 2 to 5 chunks.

Serial position effect:

• A item/objects that are in a position or order of the beginning and the end will likely be remembered better than located in the middle.
• Effect of information located at the beginning called Primary effects.
• Effect of information located at the end called recency effects.
• This happens because the information at the beginning and end, because it will first enter the short term memory, hence enabling the repitition in the mind and proceed to the long term memory.

Long term memory
It is a process of information storage that is more permanent.
Some factors influencing long-term memory is a skill, giving a special code, emotional or affective
Expertise in a field provide a very large effect on one's memory
People will easily remember when he was in the same situation when the previous coding

general psychology

Belajar merupakan perubahan perilaku maupun pengetahuan yang relatif menetap disebabkan oleh pengalaman.

"Bagaimana seorang organisme belajar?" hal ini tentunya tidak dapat dijawab secara sederhana. Belajarasosiatif merupakan bentuk belajar yang paling dasar, ada dua bentuk belajar asosiatif yaitu Classical conditioning dan operant conditioning.

Sedangkan pandangan pokok yang membahas proses terjadinya belajar adalah trial and error learning, conditioning learning, kognitif learning.
<!--more-->

A. Trial and error

 Tokoh dari aliran ini adalah Edward Thorndike, menurut Thorndike bahwa proses belajar berlangsung coba-coba. Contohnya seorang anak yang sedang belajar naik sepeda, seorang yang sedang asyik mengisiteka-teki silang.

Tipe belajar yang menjelaskan bahwa suatu stimulus dapat memperoleh kapasitas untuk mendatangkansebuah respon yang pada awalnya ditimbulkan oleh stimulus lain.

Pionir Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov 

UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus) adalah stimulus yang mendatangkan respon yang tidak terkondisi tanpa pengkondisioningan sebelumnya. 

UCR (Unconditioned Response) adalah reaksi yang dipelajari terhadap stimulus yang tidak terkondisi (UCS) yang terjadi tanpa pengkondidioningan sebelumnya. 

CS (Conditioned Stimulus) adalah stimulus netral dimana melalui pengkondisioningan memperoleh kapasitas untuk menimbulkan respon yang terkendali (CR).

CR (Conditioned Response) adalah reaksi yang dipelajari terhadap stimulus yang terkondisi (CS) yang terjadi karena pengkondisioningan sebelumnya.

Classical Conditioning Dalam kehidupan Sehari-hari :

1. Pengkondisioningan pembentukan perilaku
2. Pengkondisioningan rasa takut dan kecemasan
3. Pengkondisioningan dan respon emosional
4. Pengkondisioningan dan respon fisiologis

Proses-proses Dasar dalam Classical Conditioning

• Extinction
• Spontaneous
• Recovery
• Stimulus Generalization
• Stimulus Discrimination

 Operant Conditioning

adalah suatu bentuk learning yang mana kehadiran respon berulang-ulang dikendalikan oleh konsekuensinya

Pionir Operant Conditioning B.F. Skinner 

Organisme cenderung mengulang-ulang respon yang diikuti oleh konsekuensi yang menyenangkan dan adanya reinforcement.

Penggunaan Reinforcer

Asumsi: Control the reinforcers, control the behavior.

Bentuk reinforce: positive reinforcer dan negative reinforcer.

Kedua bentuk reinforcer berfungsi untuk meningkatkan perilaku.

Punishment: mengacu pada pemunculan atau penghilangan sesuatu hal atau kejadian yang berakibat menurunkan frekuensi perilaku. 

C. Social Cognitive Learning

Bandura mengatakan bahwa belajar dapat terjadi melalui pengamatan terhadap orang lain, sesuatu dan kejadian yang mempengaruhi cara seseorang bertindak (observational learning)

Proses penting dalam observational learning: Atensi, Retensi, Proses Reproduksi Motorik, Proses-proses motivasional.

Self Efficacy adalah suatu keyakinan individu terhadap kemampuannya dalam usaha untuk mengontrol perasaan akan kompetensinya

Implikasi dari social cognitive learning: Belajar terjadi dari mengamati orang lain meskipun pada saat itu pengamat tidak melakukan perilaku yang diamati (terjadi proses internalisasi)